In The Spotlight
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) has launched a new trade finance guarantee scheme to support Angolan businesses in association with local banks
The facility is provided to Banco de Fomento Angola (BFA) under the Global Trade Finance Program (GTFP), an initiative of the IFC, the World Bank’s private finance arm.
It is open to firms including small and medium enterprises (SMEs) to secure the inputs they need, deliver to customers on time and sustain and create jobs across key value chains.
By de‑risking trade transactions and improving the reliability and speed of cross‑border payments, the facility will strengthen supply chains, support more diversified growth, and deepen Angola’s integration into regional and global markets, the IFC said in a statement.
“Trade finance keeps businesses going,” said Makhtar Diop, IFC's managing director.
“Working with BFA, we’re helping Angolan firms access vital imports, trade more smoothly across borders, and create jobs, strengthening supply chains and the wider economy.”
Trade finance remains a “binding constraint” for many African firms, the IFC noted.
The continent faces an estimated trade finance gap of roughly US$100bn to US$120bn annually, with SMEs disproportionately affected, despite representing over 90% of businesses and accounting for about 80% of employment in Africa.
The new trade finance facilityis expected to unlock trade, boost businesses and support jobs in Angola, where access to foreign exchange and limited correspondent banking relationships have complicated cross-border payments, making it harder for firms to source inputs and fulfil orders.
These constraints impact sectors like food and agriculture, where Angola imports a substantial share of its consumption needs and firms require steady access to inputs; recent assessments indicate Angola imports over half of its food, underscoring the importance of reliable trade finance to keep supply chains flowing.
Through the Global Trade Finance Programme, IFC’s guarantees will back BFA’s issuance of trade instruments, such as letters of credit, trade‑related promissory notes and bills of exchange, and standby instruments including bid and performance bonds and advance payment guarantees.
By de‑risking cross‑border transactions, the facility is designed to help BFA grow its trade portfolio, broaden its network of counterparties, and expand access to trade finance for Angolan firms across sectors, including agribusiness, manufacturing and essential goods.
The goal is to strengthen Angola’s integration into regional and global value chains while relieving pressure points that often hinder SMEs from scaling and creating jobs.
“We are confident this partnership will have a positive impact not only on communities but also on the Angolan economy,” said Luís Roberto Gonçalves, BFA’s CEO.
It means BFA will have more instruments at its disposal to finance SME enterprises in productive sectors of the economy, boosting food production and distribution, enhancing food security and creating jobs.
“This partnership reaffirms BFA’s commitment to scaling solutions that advance the development of Angola’s financial system and reinforce the trust our clients and partners place in us.”
It also aligns with the World Bank’s strategy to grow access to finance in Angola's private sector as a means of unlocking economic growth.
Reliable trade finance will ensure access to fertiliser and seeds for farmers, packaging and raw materials for manufacturers, and spare parts and equipment for service providers.
Read more:
Vantage Capital, Greenpoint funding to boost SolarAfrica
South Africa's US$8bn windfall from Afreximbank entry
AFC confirms Nigeria power bond issue
In modern mining operations, safety challenges are intensifying as infrastructure becomes larger and more complex
Expanding conveyor networks, extensive underground systems and widely distributed electrical installations require reliable ways to transmit and verify shutdown commands across long distances.
According to Ian Loudon, international sales and marketing at Omniflex, fibre optic technology is playing an increasingly important role in ensuring these critical safety communications remain dependable.
Conveyor systems remain central to the extraction, movement and processing of coal, yet they also present significant operational and safety risks. Over time, mining operations have expanded dramatically. Conveyor belts that once ran only a few hundred metres can now stretch for several kilometres, often traversing difficult terrain or operating deep underground. Maintaining safe operations across these extended distances requires robust emergency signalling, rapid shutdown capability and confirmation that commands have been successfully executed.
In many mines, conveyor belts can run between 20 and 30 km, incorporating multiple drive motors, synchronised programmable logic controllers and various loading or discharge stations along the route. If a fault develops at any point in this system, the potential for operational disruption or safety incidents increases significantly.
Historically, copper cabling was used to transmit safety signals, but this technology was not designed for the extended distances now typical in large mining operations. Over spans of 10 to 30 kilometres, copper wiring can suffer from signal degradation, voltage drops and electromagnetic interference generated by nearby electrical equipment such as motors, drives and switching systems. When repeaters are introduced to maintain signal strength, the overall system becomes more complex and vulnerable to additional points of failure.
These limitations mean copper-based signalling is increasingly unsuitable for modern mining environments, particularly those with long-distance infrastructure or heavy electrical activity. Extended copper runs are highly susceptible to electromagnetic interference and voltage loss, while attempts to extend signal transmission beyond roughly 10 kilometres generally require additional converters or amplification equipment. Underground conditions can further weaken signals, as dense rock formations and heavy electrical installations disrupt communication paths.
Another major drawback of traditional systems is their reliance on one-way signalling. When a shutdown command is issued, operators often only know that the instruction has been sent, not whether it has been received or executed. In situations involving critical equipment such as conveyors, crushers or ventilation systems, this uncertainty can create serious safety risks.
Fibre optic technology strengthens safety systems
To overcome the reliability challenges associated with copper cabling and conventional shutdown circuits, many mining operators are now adopting fibre optic communication for safety-critical applications. Fibre technology offers several important advantages in demanding mining environments. It is immune to electromagnetic interference, does not generate sparks and can reliably transmit contact signals across distances of 20 to 30 kilometres.
These characteristics make fibre particularly suitable for long conveyor systems, deep underground transport routes and electrically intense environments such as substations. By eliminating many of the vulnerabilities associated with traditional wiring systems, fibre optic networks provide a more resilient foundation for safety communications.
A key shift in modern safety strategies is the move from simply issuing a shutdown command to confirming that the action has actually taken place. In mining operations, the difference between a command being sent and a shutdown being verified can be critical. Without confirmation, equipment could continue operating despite problems such as a damaged conveyor belt, a stalled crusher or unsafe gas levels.
Specialised fibre optic devices designed for safety-critical applications support this approach. These include Safety Integrity Level rated bidirectional contact repeaters that replicate contact signals over long distances while simultaneously providing monitoring and feedback. Such systems transmit both the shutdown command and confirmation of the resulting action through the same optical link, allowing operators to verify the response in real time.
This architecture reduces uncertainty, simplifies wiring requirements and helps ensure compliance with mine safety protocols covering emergency shutdowns, isolation procedures and interlock systems.
As mining operations continue to expand and electrical systems become increasingly distributed, fibre optic signalling provides a reliable method of maintaining control across large and complex environments. Instead of relying on assumptions that commands have been executed, operators gain direct confirmation that machinery has stopped and systems have entered a safe state.
This level of verification supports stronger safety practices across the industry, reflecting a broader transition toward systems that confirm safety outcomes rather than simply issuing commands.
With extensive experience in long-distance and safety-critical environments, Omniflex has developed fibre optic modules designed to support bidirectional contact replication, auxiliary confirmation and fail-safe operation. These systems have been implemented in industries such as mining, nuclear power and electrical infrastructure where operational reliability and verified safety are essential.
Mining and metals group South32 Limited has confirmed that the Mozal aluminium smelter in Mozambique has been placed on ‘care and maintenance’ from 15 March after it failed to secure affordable power supplies for the plant
Its existing energy tariff is due to expire at the end of March, and negotiations have failed to agree on a new price that would allow the facility to continue operating sustainably.
As a result, South32, which is listed in South Africa, Australia and the UK, has mothballed the facility at considerable cost while longer-term options are assessed.
One-off costs to place Mozal into care and maintenance, including employee separation costs and the termination of contracting arrangements, are estimated at approximately US$60mn.
Ongoing annual care and maintenance costs are expected to be approximately US$5mn, according to a South32 statement released on 16 March, 2026.
“Over the past six years we have engaged extensively with the government of the Republic of Mozambique, Eskom and other key stakeholders, but were unable to secure sufficient and affordable power supply for Mozal beyond March 2026,” said Graham Kerr, South32’s CEO.
“While this is not the outcome we wanted, we are proud of the history and significant contribution Mozal has made to the local community and the Mozambican economy over its 25 years of operation.”
The statement added that alumina supplied from the company’s Worsley Alumina refinery to Mozal will now be sold to third-party customers at index-linked prices.
Located near Maputo, the Mozal smelter produced high-quality primary aluminium for both domestic and export markets.
South32 holds 63.7% of Mozal, alongside the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited (32.4%) and the Mozambique government (3.9%).
Read more:
Ivanhoe Mines upgrades on-site power supply
-
-
In the final webinar of its African Review-hosted 2023 campaign, Convergent Group explored its modern, eco-friendly concrete solutions for African projects
Such solutions – delivered to cut maintenance costs by eliminating hazardous silicate products – were showcased by company experts in the form of Jean-Claude Biard, SEO of Convergent Group SA; Mputu Schmidt, former CEO of Convergent Group SA and founder of Bondeko MB (exclusive distributor of Convergent Group in Africa); Carlos Garcia, technical and sales for ADI Group (Spanish distributor for Convergent Group); and Amritpal Singh Sura, external consultant for flooring treatments, former distributor of Convergent products in the Middle East.
“A number of projects we were doing in the Middle East required protection,” remarked Sura. “Longevity of protection requires a system which basically impregnates and becomes a densified surface as opposed to something which is topical and lifts off due to moisture migration. I found that being exposed to Convergent, it was important to stay focused on those systems in the Middle East. Jean-Claude, Mputu and I met several times in Dubai and there was emphasis on providing systems which were affordable and still ending up having a robust, lasting longevity of product. So you are not spending money all the time in order to maintain the finishes which you have already paid for.”
Over the course of the session, the participants guided the audience through the potential of cutting-edge lithium silicate technology for enhancing the protection of concrete surfaces, maximising cost-effectiveness and meeting sustainability targets.
-
In a comprehensive webinar hosted by African Review, a panel of professionals associated with Convergent Group explored new generation lithium silicate technology and why it is emerging as the optimum solution for concrete floor protection.
Robert Daniels, editor of African Review, was joined by Jean-Claude Biard, CEO of Convergent Group; Mputu Schmidt, former CEO of Convergent and founder of Bondeko MB, an exclusive distributor of Convergent; Hicham Sofyani, president of Texol; Carlos Garcia, technical and sales for ADI Group; and Marc Puig, commercial manager of Comace Import.
Each providing a unique angle, the panellists combined to provide a masterclass around concrete treatments and the increasing challenges around them, explaining to attendees how to choose the right formula for their requirements and touching on issues such as why lithium densifiers are better than sodium and potassium densifiers.
Throughout the session, those watching were treated to informative case studies showcasing how Convergent eco-friendly products are increasing abrasion resistance, raising ease of maintenance, and ensuring the highest quality gloss retention.
By the end of the webinar, a majority of attendees (many of which had not had much experience with Convergent) expressed their interest in using the company’s new generation lithium silicate technology with the rest indicating their desire to learn more about Convergent and its products. Watch the webinar, in full, to discover why viewers were convinced and learn more about advanced floor care solutions for your operations.
-
Presenting on an African Review-hosted webinar, Martin Provencher, global industry principal for mining, metals and materials at AVEVA, explored the digital transformation of mining operations and its impact on sustainability.
“Sustainability is becoming a key aspect for mining operations,” remarked Provencher. “If we look at the latest EY research on the top ten business risks and opportunities for mining and metals globally in 2023, ESG remains at the top. Of course, most companies have environmental goals or are expected to reach a net zero emission by 2050, which is a pretty aggressive target. Many of them are targeting 30% reduction by 2030; seven years from now. So there is a lot of action that needs to take place quickly to get there. It is possible to get there, but we need to make sure we are doing this correctly.”
Fast becoming a huge part of ESG initiatives is fleet electrification where particular progress is being made in underground mines. While some countries are certainly more advanced than others here, Provencher noted that 40% of total emissions from the mining industry come from diesel trucks, making EVs a very attractive low-hanging fruit for companies to pursue.
There are, however, a number of challenges associated with bringing in electric vehicles which remains a barrier for introduction. One of the predominant reasons, is the limited range of EVs against diesel counterparts. To mitigate this, Provencher continued, data management is key and ensuring a strong grasp of real-time information coming in will show operators when machinery needs to be charged, allowing them to plan effectively for maximum efficiency on site.
Indeed, this is but a small advantage that digitalisation can bring to the mining industry as it grapples to meet ESG goals while achieving production targets. By getting a better grip of their data and using it to empower tools such as artificial intelligence, advanced analytics and machine learning, companies can achieve tangible benefits such as reduce downtime, enhance worker safety, cut operating costs and, of course, ensure compliance with environmental regulations and targets.
Through the course of the webinar, Provencher outlined this in more detail and explored AVEVA’s suite of cutting-edge software solutions, specifically designed to help mining companies make progress on their digitalisation journey and empower their operations.
Watch the full webinar, completed with detailed case studies and an insightful Q&A session.
-
-
-
Convergent, in association with African Review, has held a detailed webinar exploring the usage and effectiveness of lithium silicates and densifiers over traditional methods of concrete surface management which often struggle to meet the increasing challenges posed by concrete surface management.
Convergent experts including Mputu Schmidt, CEO of Convergent; Carlos Garcia, product manager end-user solutions, construction chemicals, Spain and Portugal for the RD Group; Matteo Mozzarelli, CEO of concrete Solutions Italia; and Jean-Claude Biard, global senior executive for the Convergent Group, presented across the session.
Together, they delved into the latest cost-effective application methods for long lasting finishing of concrete that can help reduce maintenance costs and avoid unexpected repair action. In addition, they examined the advancements in technologies that can sustain increased abrasion resistant stains and ensure gloss retention to the highest quality.
As part of the webinar, the representatives explored case studies including a case in DRC where a medical centre had been constructed with a low-quality concrete floor. The customer was considering completely replacing the floor but instead, Convergent put forward a special treatment with its 244+ Pentra-Sil lithium hardener, densifier and sealer. With this solution, Convergent can increase the hardness of a surface by up to 40% and therefore saved the customer significant recuperation costs over a complete replacement. Convergent were happy to report that the solution was perfect for the facility and the customer was pleased to avoid the extra construction work that would have been required for a complete replacement.
Watch the full webinar, including more information about Convergent’s innovative solutions.
Venus secures EGP 70mn financing from Banque Misr to expand Cairo 3A off-grid hybrid power project supporting poultry operations
The new financing will be used to scale up the project’s energy infrastructure, with a focus on strengthening sustainable power solutions and maintaining uninterrupted, high-efficiency operations. The expansion is particularly important for energy-intensive agricultural activities that operate in areas beyond the reach of conventional electricity grids.
Cairo 3A is an off-grid energy initiative serving the poultry sector, providing reliable and integrated power systems to support large-scale farming operations. The project uses a hybrid generation model that combines solar PV, battery storage and gensets. This approach helps improve operational resilience while reducing reliance on traditional fuel-based electricity generation.
The first phase of the project, launched in 2020, delivered a contracted capacity of 3 MVA along with 2.5 MWp of solar generation. As the farm has expanded and its energy requirements have grown, a second phase is now being implemented. Scheduled for completion in 2026, this phase will increase the total capacity to 5.5 MVA and solar generation to 4.5 MWp, representing an 83% increase compared with the initial phase.
Karm Holding stated that the additional financing represents an important milestone in its growth strategy and highlights the strength of its partnership with Egypt’s banking sector. The company reaffirmed its commitment to delivering projects that meet high standards of efficiency and sustainability, while supporting Egypt’s broader transition toward a more resilient and sustainable economy.
HAMM's Smart Compact Pro integrates real-time density, boosting asphalt quality and reducing construction costs. (Image source: HAMM)
Roller manufacturer Hamm has introduced the Smart Compact Pro under the motto “Measure it right. Measure it now.”
For the first time, real-time density is being used as a decisive parameter for qualitative assessment and integrated into automated compaction. Smart Compact Pro makes a significant contribution to extending the service life of road surfaces and, in the long term, reduces construction and repair costs, as well as potential additional expenses for the contractor.
Automated compaction with Smart Compact
Despite advances in digitalisation, asphalt compaction has so far been heavily dependent on empirical data and the experience of the roller driver. Consistent double passes and the correct use of dynamic compaction were often dependent on the driver’s knowledge. Since 2022, the Smart Compact digital compaction assistant from Hamm has been simplifying the compaction process in asphalt construction by controlling the compaction modes and forces based on the selected layer type – base, binder or surface course – automatically and separately for both drums.
The system continuously monitors the asphalt’s physical properties, such as temperature and rigidity, as well as its complex cooling behaviour, to ensure homogeneous compaction by applying the optimum compaction energy and modes in each case. There is even the option of incorporating local weather data.
Smart Compact Pro with real-time density measurement: Higher quality, lower costs
Hamm is now expanding Smart Compact to incorporate an essential measured value – real-time asphalt density. Industry experts agree that it is the decisive parameter for qualitative assessment during the compaction process and will become the key indicator for rigorously meeting regulatory requirements and minimising financial deductions.
Smart Compact Pro closes this gap by integrating the new “Realtime Density Scan” sensor into the automated compaction process. It determines the asphalt density in real time by measuring the dielectric conductivity of the asphalt mix to be compacted, therefore forming the basis for the correlation with the asphalt density or the porosity. Both parameters are crucial for self-monitoring or control testing. With the help of real-time density, Smart Compact Pro is able to provide construction companies with a decisive advantage by accurately implementing regulatory requirements.
This can significantly reduce potential financial deductions due to inadequate quality in the construction work and also save costs for premature repairs. Using Smart Compact Pro also significantly reduces the costs for extracting drill cores.
In summary, the world-first integration of real-time density into automated compaction represents a significant step forward for asphalt compaction. Even inexperienced operators can achieve optimal compaction results with Smart Compact Pro, with no need for extensive prior knowledge. This offers a significant boost for construction companies in times of an increasing shortage of skilled workers.
Mining and metals group South32 Limited has confirmed that the Mozal aluminium smelter in Mozambique has been placed on ‘care and maintenance’ from 15 March after it failed to secure affordable power supplies for the plant
Its existing energy tariff is due to expire at the end of March, and negotiations have failed to agree on a new price that would allow the facility to continue operating sustainably.
As a result, South32, which is listed in South Africa, Australia and the UK, has mothballed the facility at considerable cost while longer-term options are assessed.
One-off costs to place Mozal into care and maintenance, including employee separation costs and the termination of contracting arrangements, are estimated at approximately US$60mn.
Ongoing annual care and maintenance costs are expected to be approximately US$5mn, according to a South32 statement released on 16 March, 2026.
“Over the past six years we have engaged extensively with the government of the Republic of Mozambique, Eskom and other key stakeholders, but were unable to secure sufficient and affordable power supply for Mozal beyond March 2026,” said Graham Kerr, South32’s CEO.
“While this is not the outcome we wanted, we are proud of the history and significant contribution Mozal has made to the local community and the Mozambican economy over its 25 years of operation.”
The statement added that alumina supplied from the company’s Worsley Alumina refinery to Mozal will now be sold to third-party customers at index-linked prices.
Located near Maputo, the Mozal smelter produced high-quality primary aluminium for both domestic and export markets.
South32 holds 63.7% of Mozal, alongside the Industrial Development Corporation of South Africa Limited (32.4%) and the Mozambique government (3.9%).
Read more:
Ivanhoe Mines upgrades on-site power supply
RFQ marks first step in private sector participation process to strengthen operations and attract private investment
Transnet SOC Ltd has released a Request for Qualification to begin identifying a private sector partner for its Private Sector Participation project at the Richards Bay Dry Bulk Terminal
The RFQ marks a significant step under Transnet’s Reinvent for Growth Strategy and reflects its intention to formally engage the market to enhance operational efficiency, secure private investment and reinforce the long-term sustainability of South Africa’s freight and logistics network.
The Richards Bay Dry Bulk Terminal serves as a vital export hub for bulk commodities, especially chrome and magnetite. Through the PSP initiative, Transnet aims to harness private sector capital and operational expertise to strengthen reliability and efficiency, enable future capacity expansion and maintain strategic control of the asset.
In addition, the project is expected to create opportunities linked to supplier development, local participation and community upliftment, particularly in the Richards Bay area.
As the first stage of the selection process, the RFQ calls on interested bidders to demonstrate their technical expertise, operational track record, financial strength and compliance with Transnet’s stipulated requirements. Applicants must also present clear and measurable proposals detailing how they will advance community upliftment through the PSP arrangement. Parties that satisfy the qualification criteria may progress to a subsequent Request for Proposal phase.
Transnet has emphasised that the PSP process will be managed transparently and competitively, in full alignment with applicable governance standards and regulatory obligations. Ongoing engagement with key stakeholders, including employees, organised labour and government, will remain central throughout the process.
South Africa has joined the ranks of the African Export-Import Bank (Afreximbank), bringing with it an US$8bn country programme that will target industrialisation efforts in the republic, and support projects in sectors like mining, automotives and manufacturing
It becomes the 54th state to accede to the banking group, marking the formal entry of one of Africa’s largest economies into the Bank’s membership, “heralding deeper financial sovereignty,” an Afreximbank statement read.
The bank called the accession a “historic milestone” as the two partners seek to unlock trade opportunities “within a global financial architecture that is rapidly fragmenting due to protectionist policies and shifting trade blocks.”
The US$8 billion country programme aims to enhance industrial development and regional supply chains and boost intra-African trade and investment flows, Afreximbank said.
“We have put together what we consider an important package of US$8bn for South Africa,” said Dr George Elombi, the bank’s president and chairman.
“The country programme is aligned with South Africa's national development plan 2030 and national industrial and trade priorities, and targets key strategic areas.”
He added that Afreximbank’s current pipeline of projects in South Africa, at different stages of review, already exceeds US$6bn, spanning healthcare, financial services, manufacturing, energy and the industrial and mining sectors.
Leveraging Afreximbank’s trade infrastructure and pan-African reach, South Africa can also more readily diversify export markets and further regional economic integration.
South African President Cyril Ramaphosa called it a milestone in the quest to realise the economic integration of our continent.
“South Africa’s accession to the African Export-Import Bank affirms our commitment to African industrial development and to deepening trade, investment and development across our continent,” he said.
“Once finalised, the South African-Afreximbank country programme will be operationalised with a finance package that will initially support a range of strategic projects across the trade and industrial cluster.”
He said one of those areas to receive immediate effect will be the nation’s Transformation Fund with the aim of supporting more black businesses.
“This partnership will strengthen in more ways than one South Africa’s ability to support South African exporters, industrial projects and regional value chains while advancing our continent’s progress.”
Read more:
AFC confirms Nigeria power bond issue
Africa poised for growth despite geopolitical upheaval
AFC, Eaglestone share the Lobito limelight
A new report from management consultancy Arthur D. Little warns that rising product portfolio complexity is quietly eroding profitability in the manufacturing sector, constraining digital growth, and limiting operational flexibility.
The study, Rise of Complexity in Manufacturing, highlights that companies must take decisive action to simplify their offerings and leverage modularisation to stay competitive.
“Unchecked complexity is a silent profitability killer,” the report states. “With resources limited and markets increasingly commoditised, companies must reduce product portfolio complexity to drive profitability and innovation.”
Manufacturers often expand product variants to meet customer demand, but without systematic portfolio pruning, these efforts generate hidden costs. Non-customer-facing complexity such as outdated products, excessive SKUs, and intricate internal processes can slow development, reduce scalability, and impede time to market.
The report identifies four key challenges for manufacturers: maintaining profitability amid market commoditisation, differentiating through digital solutions, ensuring supply chain resilience, and balancing legacy systems with emerging technologies such as new materials, battery-powered engines, or alternative fuels.
Arthur D. Little recommends a data-driven approach to complexity, starting with measuring the cost of complexity (CoC) across product lines and functions. A monetary proxy for CoC can capture inefficiencies in development, manufacturing, warehousing, and support, helping firms identify underperforming products for phaseout.
Strategic modularisation is highlighted as a crucial tool for managing complexity. By designing standardised, interchangeable product modules, manufacturers can simplify portfolios, accelerate time to market, and reduce costs while enabling cost-effective customisation.
The report cites Electrolux, which cut component numbers by 40% and reduced development time by 30% through modular design, and Siemens, which applied modularity to its industrial automation systems, reducing design time by 40% and improving scalability.
Arthur D. Little stresses that complexity reduction requires more than technical solutions: it demands cross-functional coordination, strong governance, and a cultural shift away from short-term gains. Companies must embed modular principles in product development, eliminate low-performing products, and ensure that both hardware and software systems are designed with simplicity in mind.
“Reducing product portfolio complexity is not a technical fix — it is a strategic transformation,” the report concludes. “By making complexity measurable, pruning underperforming products, and embedding modular design, manufacturers can release trapped value, improve speed to market, and build more resilient operations.”
The consultancy urges manufacturers to act decisively now, turning awareness of complexity into structured strategies for long-term profitability and innovation.

